Understanding core database concepts

• Understand how data is stored in tables
  • Understand what a table is and how it relates to the data that will be stored in the database; columns/fields, rows/records
• Understand relational database concepts
  • Understand what a relational database is, the need for relational database management systems (RDBMS), and how relations are established
• (Understand data manipulation language (DML
  • Understand what DML is and its role in databases
• (Understand data definition language (DDL
  • Understand how T-SQL can be used to create database objects, such as tables and views

Create database objects

• Choose data types
  • Understand what data types are, why they are important, and how they affect storage requirements
• Understand tables and how to create them
  • Purpose of tables; create tables in a database by using proper ANSI SQL syntax
• Create views
  • Understand when to use views and how to create a view by using T-SQL or a graphical designer
• Create stored procedures and functions
  • Select, insert, update, or delete data

Manipulate data

• Select data
  • Utilize SELECT queries to extract data from one table, extract data by using joins, combine result sets by using UNION and INTERSECT
• Insert data
  • Understand how data is inserted into a database, how to use INSERT statements
• Update data
  • Understand how data is updated in a database and how to write the updated data to the database by using the appropriate UPDATE statements, update by using a table
• Delete data
  • Delete data from single or multiple tables, ensure data and referential integrity by using transactions

Understand data storage

• Understand normalization
  • Understand the reasons for normalization, the five most common levels of normalization, how to normalize a database to third normal form
• Understand primary, foreign, and composite keys
  • Understand the reason for keys in a database, choose appropriate primary keys, select appropriate data type for keys, select appropriate fields for composite keys, understand the relationship between foreign and primary keys
• Understand indexes
  • Understand clustered and non-clustered indexes and their purpose in a database

Administer a database

• Understand database security concepts
  • Understand the need to secure a database, what objects can be secured, what objects should be secured, user accounts, and roles
• Understand database backups and restore
  • Understand various backup types, such as full and incremental, importance of backups, how to restore a database

Manage data with Transact-SQL

• Create Transact-SQL SELECT queries
  • Identify proper SELECT query structure, write specific queries to satisfy business requirements, construct results from multiple queries using set operators, distinguish between UNION and UNION ALL behaviour, identify the query that would return expected results based on provided table structure and/or data
• Query multiple tables by using joins
  • Write queries with join statements based on provided tables, data, and requirements; determine proper usage of INNER JOIN, LEFT/RIGHT/FULL OUTER JOIN, and CROSS JOIN; construct multiple JOIN operators using AND and OR; determine the correct results when presented with multi-table SELECT statements and source data; write queries with NULLs on joins
• Implement functions and aggregate data
  • Construct queries using scalar-valued and table-valued functions; identify the impact of function usage to query performance and WHERE clause sargability; identify the differences between deterministic and non-deterministic functions; use built-in aggregate functions; use arithmetic functions, date-related functions, and system functions
• Modify data
  • Write INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE statements; determine which statements can be used to load data to a table based on its structure and constraints; construct Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements using the OUTPUT statement; determine the results of Data Definition Language (DDL) statements on supplied tables and data

Query data with advanced Transact-SQL components

• Query data by using subqueries and APPLY
  • Determine the results of queries using subqueries and table joins, evaluate performance differences between table joins and correlated subqueries based on provided data and query plans, distinguish between the use of CROSS APPLY and OUTER APPLY, write APPLY statements that return a given data set based on supplied data
• Query data by using table expressions
  • Identify basic components of table expressions, define usage differences between table expressions and temporary tables, construct recursive table expressions to meet business requirements
• Group and pivot data by using queries
  • Use windowing functions to group and rank the results of a query; distinguish between using windowing functions and GROUP BY; construct complex GROUP BY clauses using GROUPING SETS, and CUBE; construct PIVOT and UNPIVOT statements to return desired results based on supplied data; determine the impact of NULL values in PIVOT and UNPIVOT queries
• Query temporal data and non-relational data
  • Query historic data by using temporal tables, query and output JSON data, query and output XML data

Program databases by using Transact-SQL

• Create database programmability objects by using Transact-SQL
  • Create stored procedures, table-valued and scalar-valued user-defined functions, triggers, and views; implement input and output parameters in stored procedures; identify whether to use scalar-valued or table-valued functions; distinguish between deterministic and non-deterministic functions; create indexed views
• Implement error handling and transactions
  • Determine results of Data Definition Language (DDL) statements based on transaction control statements, implement TRY…CATCH error handling with Transact-SQL, generate error messages with THROW and RAISERROR, implement transaction control in conjunction with error handling in stored procedures
• Implement data types and NULLs
  • Evaluate results of data type conversions, determine proper data types for given data elements or table columns, identify locations of implicit data type conversions in queries, determine the correct results of joins and functions in the presence of NULL values, identify proper usage of ISNULL and COALESCE functions

Design and implement database objects

• Design and implement a relational database schema
  • Design tables and schemas based on business requirements, improve the design of tables by using normalization, write table create statements, determine the most efficient data types to use
• Design and implement indexes
  • Design new indexes based on provided tables, queries, or plans; distinguish between indexed columns and included columns; implement clustered index columns by using best practices; recommend new indexes based on query plans
• Design and implement views
  • Design a view structure to select data based on user or business requirements, identify the steps necessary to design an updateable view, implement partitioned views, implement indexed views
• Implement columnstore indexes
  • Determine use cases that support the use of columnstore indexes, identify proper usage of clustered and non-clustered columnstore indexes, design standard non-clustered indexes in conjunction with clustered columnstore indexes, implement columnstore index maintenance

Implement programmability objects

• Ensure data integrity with constraints
  • Define table and foreign key constraints to enforce business rules, write Transact-SQL statements to add constraints to tables, identify results of Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements given existing tables and constraints, identify proper usage of PRIMARY KEY constraints
• Create stored procedures
  • Design stored procedure components and structure based on business requirements, implement input and output parameters, implement table-valued parameters, implement return codes, streamline existing stored procedure logic, implement error handling and transaction control logic within stored procedures
• Create triggers and user-defined functions
  • Design trigger logic based on business requirements; determine when to use Data Manipulation Language (DML) triggers, Data Definition Language (DDL) triggers, or logon triggers; recognize results based on execution of AFTER or INSTEAD OF triggers; design scalar-valued and table-valued user-defined functions based on business requirements; identify differences between deterministic and non-deterministic functions

Manage database concurrency

• Implement transactions
  • Identify DML statement results based on transaction behavior, recognize differences between and identify usage of explicit and implicit transactions, implement savepoints within transactions, determine the role of transactions in high-concurrency databases
• Manage isolation levels
  • Identify differences between Read Uncommitted, Read Committed, Repeatable Read, Serializable, and Snapshot isolation levels; define results of concurrent queries based on isolation level; identify the resource and performance impact of given isolation levels
• Optimize concurrency and locking behavior
  • Troubleshoot locking issues, identify lock escalation behaviors, capture and analyze deadlock graphs, identify ways to remediate deadlocks
• Implement memory-optimized tables and native stored procedures
  • Define use cases for memory-optimized tables versus traditional disk-based tables, optimize performance of in-memory tables by changing durability settings, determine best case usage scenarios for natively compiled stored procedures, enable collection of execution statistics for natively compiled stored procedures

Optimize database objects and SQL infrastructure

• Optimize statistics and indexes
  • Determine the accuracy of statistics and the associated impact to query plans and performance, design statistics maintenance tasks, use dynamic management objects to review current index usage and identify missing indexes, consolidate overlapping indexes
• Analyze and troubleshoot query plans
  • Capture query plans using extended events and traces, identify poorly performing query plan operators, create efficient query plans using Query Store, compare estimated and actual query plans and related metadata, configure Azure SQL Database Performance Insight
• Manage performance for database instances
  • Manage database workload in SQL Server; design and implement Elastic Scale for Azure SQL Database; select an appropriate service tier or edition; optimize database file and tempdb configuration; optimize memory configuration; monitor and diagnose scheduling and wait statistics using dynamic management objects; troubleshoot and analyze storage, IO, and cache issues; monitor Azure SQL Database query plans
• Monitor and trace SQL Server baseline performance metrics
  • Monitor operating system and SQL Server performance metrics; compare baseline metrics to observed metrics while troubleshooting performance issues; identify differences between performance monitoring and logging tools, such as perfmon and dynamic management objects; monitor Azure SQL Database performance; determine best practice use cases for extended events; distinguish between Extended Events targets; compare the impact of Extended Events and SQL Trace; define differences between Extended Events Packages, Targets, Actions, and Sessions

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